Reproducible Report
Project 2
University of Sydney | DATA1001 | 2021
1 Executive Summary
The aim of this report is to investigate any effects of self-quarantines due to COVID-19 on people’s hobbies. We have observed that, though not significant, people dropped few of their hobbies when their quarantine was over. We also investigated the relation between how many hobbies people picked up and how reliant they were to their hobbies as a coping mechanism. However we concluded that they were not related, due to low correlation values
2 Full Report
2.1 Initial Data Analysis (IDA)
A primary, statistical, online survey was conducted where suitable questions for the research were asked. Although this allows for a large amount of information to be collected with minimal effort and cost, some limitations followed in with the advantages. Firstly, since the survey was voluntary, a voluntary response bias and a lack of random sampling had occurred which could lead to distorted results. Since the primary platform in which the survey was posted is mainly used by students from the University of Sydney, most of the data collected were aged between 17 to 23 which does not represent the overall population. On top of this, there was also a limited number of people that had completed the survey (29 respondents), especially within the 2-week short span availability of the survey. Furthermore, there may have been distorted memories of the respondents as certain questions asked about memories from over a year ago (start of quarantine period), questions may have been misinterpreted, and subjective opinions may arise from questions asking the respondents to rate on a scale of 0 to 5, which could to statistical errors.
#Load our data
survey = read.csv("HobbiesCOVID19.csv")
# Remove the Timestamp column as it is not necessary for our report
survey$Timestamp <- NULL
# Quick look at the structure of data
str(survey)## 'data.frame': 29 obs. of 9 variables:
## $ age : chr "17-23" "17-23" "17-23" "17-23" ...
## $ gender : chr "Male" "Female" "Female" "Female" ...
## $ covidhobbyno : int 2 1 0 6 2 3 6 0 4 3 ...
## $ covidhobbytype: chr "Cooking/baking, Learning Japanese" "Sports/exercise, Cooking/baking" "Literature, Music, Sports/exercise, Video games, Movies/TV shows" "Literature, Music, Sports/exercise, Arts, Video games, Movies/TV shows" ...
## $ reliance : int 3 4 0 4 3 2 3 5 4 2 ...
## $ continue : chr "Yes" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ nowhobbyno : int 2 0 4 4 1 2 3 0 3 2 ...
## $ nowhobbytype : chr "Cooking/baking, Learning Japanese" "" "Literature, Sports/exercise, Video games" "Music, Sports/exercise, Video games, Movies/TV shows" ...
## $ discontinue : chr "" "Not enough time, Was not suitable for me/became bored" "Not enough time" "Not enough time, Bored" ...# Quick look at top 5 rows of data
head(survey) ## age gender covidhobbyno
## 1 17-23 Male 2
## 2 17-23 Female 1
## 3 17-23 Female 0
## 4 17-23 Female 6
## 5 17-23 Male 2
## 6 17-23 Female 3
## covidhobbytype
## 1 Cooking/baking, Learning Japanese
## 2 Sports/exercise, Cooking/baking
## 3 Literature, Music, Sports/exercise, Video games, Movies/TV shows
## 4 Literature, Music, Sports/exercise, Arts, Video games, Movies/TV shows
## 5 Sports/exercise, Movies/TV shows
## 6 Music, Arts, Video games, Movies/TV shows
## reliance continue nowhobbyno
## 1 3 Yes 2
## 2 4 No 0
## 3 0 Yes 4
## 4 4 Yes 4
## 5 3 Yes 1
## 6 2 Yes 2
## nowhobbytype
## 1 Cooking/baking, Learning Japanese
## 2
## 3 Literature, Sports/exercise, Video games
## 4 Music, Sports/exercise, Video games, Movies/TV shows
## 5 Movies/TV shows
## 6 Music, Movies/TV shows
## discontinue
## 1
## 2 Not enough time, Was not suitable for me/became bored
## 3 Not enough time
## 4 Not enough time, Bored
## 5 Lack of motivation
## 6 Not enough time# Our data has 29 rows and 9 columns
# Size of the data
dim(survey)## [1] 29 9# R's classification of survey's data
class(survey)## [1] "data.frame"## R's classification of variables
str(mtcars)## 'data.frame': 32 obs. of 11 variables:
## $ mpg : num 21 21 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 ...
## $ cyl : num 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 ...
## $ disp: num 160 160 108 258 360 ...
## $ hp : num 110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123 ...
## $ drat: num 3.9 3.9 3.85 3.08 3.15 2.76 3.21 3.69 3.92 3.92 ...
## $ wt : num 2.62 2.88 2.32 3.21 3.44 ...
## $ qsec: num 16.5 17 18.6 19.4 17 ...
## $ vs : num 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ...
## $ am : num 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
## $ gear: num 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 ...
## $ carb: num 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 ...#sapply(mtcars, class)Summary:
2.2 Research Question 1
2.2.1 How did COVID-19 affected people’s hobbies?
# Number of hobbies picked up during quarantine
barplot(table(survey$covidhobbyno), main="Number of hobbies picked up during quarantine", xlab="Number of hobbies", ylab="Answers")
summary(survey$covidhobbyno)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000 2.000 2.000 2.552 3.000 6.000mean(survey$covidhobbyno)## [1] 2.551724#Number of hobbies now
barplot(table(survey$nowhobbyno), main="Number of hobbies now", xlab="Number of hobbies", ylab="Answers")
summary(survey$nowhobbyno)## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.000 1.000 2.000 2.103 3.000 4.000library(multicon)## Loading required package: psych## Loading required package: abind## Loading required package: foreachmean=c(mean(survey$covidhobbyno), mean(survey$nowhobbyno))
names= c("COVID", "Now")
se= c(popsd(survey$covidhobbyno)/sqrt(length(survey$covidhobbyno)), popsd(survey$nowhobbyno)/sqrt(length(survey$nowhobbyno)))
meanhobby = data.frame(names, mean, se)
library(ggplot2)##
## Attaching package: 'ggplot2'## The following objects are masked from 'package:psych':
##
## %+%, alphaggplot(meanhobby, aes(x=names, y=mean))+labs(title="Comparison between during quarantine and now")+geom_bar(stat='identity')+geom_errorbar( aes(x=names, ymin=mean-se, ymax=mean+se), width=0.2, colour="black", alpha=0.9, size=0.8)+theme(plot.title = element_text(size=16, face="bold.italic",hjust=0.5))
Summary:
2.3 Research Question 2
2.3.1 What kind of hobbies people start doing during Covid?
covidhobbytypes=strsplit(survey$covidhobbytype, ", ")
covidhobbytypes=table(unlist(covidhobbytypes))
# Install packages ggplot2
library(ggplot2)
covidtypes = data.frame(covidhobbytypes)
names(covidtypes)[names(covidtypes) == "Var1"] <- "Hobbies"
names(covidtypes)[names(covidtypes) == "Freq"] <- "Answers"
p1 = ggplot(covidtypes, aes(x = Hobbies, y = Answers)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity")+ labs(title="Kind of hobbies people start during Covid?") + theme(
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
plot.title = element_text(size=16, face="bold.italic",hjust=0.5) )
p1
2.3.2 What kinds of hobbies people still do after quarantine?
nowhobbytypes=strsplit(survey$nowhobbytype, ", ")
nowhobbytypes=table(unlist(nowhobbytypes))
nowtypes = data.frame(nowhobbytypes)
names(nowtypes)[names(nowtypes) == "Var1"] <- "Hobbies"
names(nowtypes)[names(nowtypes) == "Freq"] <- "Answers"
p2 = ggplot(nowtypes, aes(x = Hobbies, y = Answers)) + geom_bar(stat = "identity")+ labs(title="Kind of hobbies people still do after quarantine") + theme(axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 90, vjust = 0.5, hjust=1),
plot.title = element_text(size=16, face="bold.italic", hjust=0.5))
p2
Summary:
There are a wide range of hobbies people picked up during COVID. A study showed that media usage such as gaming and watching movies were more frequent during the peak of COVID, similar to the findings of our study (Krause 2021). Our data complies with this suggestion as it indicates that movies and gaming were two of the most picked hobbies during COVID; next to sports, music and baking. We observe a not very significant, but notable decrease in people playing video games after the quarantine, unlike the other hobbies. Though it is not conclusive, due to our data size, we can observe that when people went back to their regular lives they started to spend less time playing video games.
2.4 Research Question 3
2.4.1 Is there a linear relationship between the number of hobbies and people’s reliance of hobbies (number of hobbies vs comfort level)
# Construct a scatter plot
library(ggplot2)
plot(survey$covidhobbyno, survey$reliance, xlab = "Number of hobbies", ylab = "Reliance")
# Calculate the linear regression model to draw on the scatter plot
L = lm(survey$covidhobbyno ~ survey$reliance)
summary(L)##
## Call:
## lm(formula = survey$covidhobbyno ~ survey$reliance)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -2.9785 -0.7450 -0.2779 0.7221 3.4885
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 1.8109 0.7267 2.492 0.0191 *
## survey$reliance 0.2335 0.2122 1.100 0.2809
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 1.473 on 27 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.04291, Adjusted R-squared: 0.007466
## F-statistic: 1.211 on 1 and 27 DF, p-value: 0.2809L$coeff## (Intercept) survey$reliance
## 1.8108883 0.2335244abline(L)
# Caluculate the linear correlation coefficient
cor(survey$covidhobbyno, survey$reliance)## [1] 0.2071563#residual
plot(survey$covidhobbyno,L$residuals, xlab = "Number of hobbies", ylab = "Reliance")
abline(h = 0, col = "blue")
Summary:
A study highlighted that hobbies can be a coping strategy and it is also beneficial for our mental and physical health (Merschel, 2020). We investigated the relationship between the number of hobbies people picked up to how much they relied on their hobbies as a coping mechanism to see whether the reliance on their hobbies affected the number of hobbies picked. However the residual plot of our data showed a clear linear pattern. This might’ve been caused because we chose a variable that was not very continuous. But even the result of our scatter plot and correlation gave a very low relation between reliance and number of hobbies (r=0.207), suggesting that there is no significant relation between reliance and the number of hobbies picked during COVID.
3 References
APA:
- Krause, A.E., Dimmock, J., Rebar, A.L. and Jackson, B. (2021). Music Listening Predicted Improved Life Satisfaction in University Students During Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
- Michael Merschel (2020). Your pandemic hobby might be doing more good than you know. American Heart Association News. Accessed 20 April 2021.
4 Beyond the Basics - extending your abilities with RMarkdown
This quick reference guide will cover some basic RMarkdown for use in your projects.
4.1 Lists
Here is a basic list:
To do 1
To do 2
To do 3
4.3 Tables
Here is a simple table.
| Tables | Are | Cool |
|---|---|---|
| col 3 is | right-aligned | $1600 |
| col 2 is | centered | $12 |
| zebra stripes | are neat | $1 |
4.4 Images
Here is am image. It has not been adjusted in the rmd file, so represents the true size of the original image. This image is sourced directly from an online url.
To learn more about adding images directly from your own computer, see the comments in this rmd file.
Image source: https://petcube.com/blog/10-all-important-kitten-supplies-infographic/
4.5 Videos
Below you will find a video embedded into your RMarkdown file. Change the YouTube link in the rmd file to get a different video.
4.6 LaTeX
You can even use LaTeX in an RMarkdown document!
For example, how could you work out \(\sum_{i=1}^{5} x_{i}^3\)?
4.7 R Code
Here is an R code chunk:
Try the following commands in R.
1+ exp(3) + sin(0.5)
x=c(1,2,3)
x^2
sum(x)Here is some in-line code in-line code. You can put any R code here for display, e.g. sum(x)
5 RMarkdown Resources
Check out the resources below for more information on RMarkdown.